^c9e7754 means the initial commit(boundary).

git describe.

DiffCommit finds file changes between two commits Deprecated: use DiffCommitFiles.

check if head is ref's ancestor, can be found following head's first parent just like git merge-base --is-ancestor head ref, but excluding merge points see help for 'git rev-list': https://git-scm.com/docs/git-rev-list algorithm: find first parent set of head, and exclude first parent set of ref^1 S=git rev-list --first-parent head ^ref^1 if ref in S, then head is a direct parent of ref return a list of commits from `from` to `to`, excluding `from` and `to`.

FindMergePoints `ref` is the target branch, `base` is the branch where `ref` comes from, usually 'master'.

see https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2706797/finding-what-branch-a-git-commit-came-from.

GetCommits get commits info by refs, the result is a mapping by ref name.

check if head is ref's ancestor, can be found following head's first parent just like git merge-base --is-ancestor ref head, but excluding merge points see help for 'git rev-list': https://git-scm.com/docs/git-rev-list algorithm: find first parent set of head, and exclude first parent set of ref^1 S=git rev-list --first-parent head ^ref^1 if ref in S, then head is a direct parent of ref the direction is ref -> head.

 git branch --list -r origin/dev-1.0.0 origin/master.

$ git for-each-ref --format='%(objectname) %(refname:lstrip=3)' refs/remotes/origin ba3e2ab996a202c99f814c58384bcd65792c9015 1.11.0-cr-xf d45c5e4ddfb708ab66e90da1a1f95592c222647d 1.14.0-csc-mr-use lstrip=3: remove 3 prefix path, that is ["refs","remotes","origin"].

git log --format='%H %s' A..B H MSG.

RevListAll git rev-list --all --since=date --format=...

git branch -l --all --sort=-committerdate --format='%(refname)' --contains xxx refs/heads/dev-master refs/remotes/origin/dev-master refs/remotes/origin/fix-my-tun.

git tag -l --sort=-committerdate --format='%(refname)' --contains xxx refs/tags/v2.24.0.d01.

a special commit that referes to current working directory(a pseduo commit).